Method of detecting growth differentiation factor-7 (GDF-7) using GDF-7 antibodies

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides methods of using antibodies that bind to the growth differentiation factor-7 to identify GDF-7 in a sample.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation application of U.S. application Ser.No. 09/412,791 filed Oct. 5, 1999, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,680,372; which isa divisional application of U.S. application Ser. No. 08/581,528 filedJan. 1, 1996, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 5,986,058; which is a 35 USC §371 National Stage application of PCT Application No. US94/07799 filedJul. 8, 1994; which is a continuation application of U.S. applicationSer. No. 08/089,670 filed Jul. 9, 1993, now abandoned. The disclosure ofeach of the prior applications is considered part of and is incorporatedby reference in the disclosure of this application.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The invention relates generally to growth factors and specifically to anew member of the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) superfamily,which is denoted, growth differentiation factor-7 (GDF-7).

2. Description of Related Art

The transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) superfamily encompasses a groupof structurally-related proteins which affect a wide range ofdifferentiation processes during embryonic development. The familyincludes, Mullerian inhibiting substance (MIS), which is required fornormal male sex development (Behringer, et al., Nature, 345:167, 1990),Drosophila decapentaplegic (DPP) gene product, which is required fordorsal-ventral axis formation and morphogenesis of the imaginal disks(Padgett, et al., Nature, 325:81 –84, 1987), the Xenopus Vg-1 geneproduct, which localizes to the vegetal pole of eggs ((Weeks, et al.,Cell, 51:861–867, 1987), the activins (Mason, et al., Biochem, Biophys.Res. Commun., 135:957–964, 1986), which can induce the formation ofmesoderm and anterior structures in Xenopus embryos (Thomsen, et al,Cell, 63:485, 1990), and the bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs,osteogenin, OP-1) which can induce de novo cartilage and bone formation(Sampath, et al, J. Biol. Chem., 265:13198, 1990). The TGF-βs caninfluence a variety of differentiation processes, includingadipogenesis, myogenesis, chondrogenesis, hematopoiesis, and epithelialcell differentiation (for review, see Massague, Cell 49:437, 1987).

The proteins of the TGF-β family are initially synthesized as a largeprecursor protein which subsequently undergoes proteolytic cleavage at acluster of basic residues approximately 110–140 amino acids from theC-terminus. The C-terminal regions, or mature regions, of the proteinsare all structurally related and the different family members can beclassified into distinct subgroups based on the extent of theirhomology. Although the homologies within particular subgroups range from70% to 90% amino acid sequence identity, the homologies betweensubgroups are significantly lower, generally ranging from only 20% to50%. In each case, the active species appears to be a disulfide-linkeddimer of C-terminal fragments. Studies have shown that when thepro-region of a member of the TGF-β family is coexpressed with a matureregion of another member of the TGF-β family, intracellular dimerizationand secretion of biologically active homodimers occur (Gray, A., andMaston, A., Science, 247:1328, 1990). Additional studies by Hammonds, etal., (Molec. Endocrin. 5:149, 1991) showed that the use of the BMP-2pro-region combined with the BMP-4 mature region led to dramaticallyimproved expression of mature BMP-4. For most of the family members thathave been studied, the homodimeric species has been found to bebiologically active, but for other family members, like the inhibins(Ling, et al., Nature, 321:779, 1986) and the TGF-βs (Cheifetz, et al.,Cell, 48:409, 1987), heterodimers have also been detected, and theseappear to have different biological properties than the respectivehomodimers.

Identification of new factors that are tissue-specific in theirexpression pattern will provide a greater understanding of that tissue'sdevelopment and function.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides a cell growth and differentiation factor,GDF-7, a polynucleotide sequence which encodes the factor, andantibodies which are immunoreactive with the factor. This factor appearsto relate to various cell proliferative disorders, especially thoseinvolving neural tissue.

Thus, in one embodiment, the invention provides a method for detecting acell proliferative disorder of neural origin and which is associatedwith GDF-7. In another embodiment, the invention provides a method fortreating a cell proliferative disorder by suppressing or enhancing GDF-7activity.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows RNase protection assays detecting expression of GDF-7 mRNAin neural tissue and cell lines. The arrow denotes the position of theprotected species.

FIG. 2 shows nucleotide and predicted amino acid sequences of murineGDF-7. The putative pentabasic processing sites in the murine sequenceis boxed.

FIG. 3 shows the alignment of the C-terminal sequences of GDF-7 withother members of the TGF-β superfamily. The conserved cysteine residuesare boxed. Dashes denote gaps introduced in order to maximize alignment

FIG. 4 shows amino acid homologies among different members of the TGF-βsuperfamily. Numbers represent percent amino acid identities betweeneach pair calculated from the first conserved cysteine to theC-terminus. Boxes represent homologies among highly-related memberswithin particular subgroups.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides a growth and differentiation factor,GDF-7 and a polynucleotide sequence encoding GDF-7. GDF-7 is expressedin neural tissue. In one embodiment, the invention provides a method fordetection of a cell proliferative disorder of neural origin which isassociated with GDF-7 expression. In another embodiment, the inventionprovides a method for treating a cell proliferative disorder by using anagent which suppresses or enhances GDF-7 activity.

The TGF-β superfamily consists of multifunctional polypeptides thatcontrol proliferation, differentiation, and other functions in many celltypes. Many of the peptides have regulatory, both positive and negative,effects on other peptide growth factors. The structural homology betweenthe GDF-7 protein of this invention and the members of the TGF-β family,indicates that GDF-7 is a new member of the family of growth anddifferentiation factors. Based on the known activities of many of theother members, it can be expected that GDF-7 will also possessbiological activities that will make it useful as a diagnostic andtherapeutic reagent.

In particular, certain members of this superfamily have expressionpatterns or possess activities that relate to the function of thenervous system. For example, one family member, namely GDNF, has beenshown to be a potent neurotrophic factor that can promote the survivalof dopaminergic neurons (Lin, et al., Science, 260:1130). Another familymember, namely dorsalin, is capable of promoting the differentiation ofneural crest cells (Baster, et al., Cell, 73:687). The inhibins andactivins have been shown to be expressed in the brain (Meunier, et al.,Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA, 85:247, 1988; Sawchenko, et al., Nature,334:615, 1988), and activin has been shown to be capable of functioningas a nerve cell survival molecule (Schubert, et al., Nature, 344:868,1990). Another family member, namely, GDF-1, is nervous system-specificin its expression pattern (Lee, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA, 88:4250,1991), and certain other family members, such as Vgr-1 (Lyons, et al.,Proc. Natl Acad. Sci., USA, 86:4554, 1989; Jones, et al., Development,111:531, 1991), OP-1 (Ozkaynak, et al., J. Biol. Chem., 267:25220,1992), and BMP-4 (Jones, et al., Development, 111:531, 1991), are alsoknown to be expressed in the nervous system. By analogy GDF-7 may haveapplications in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases or inmaintaining cells or tissues in culture prior to transplantation.

Several members of the TGF-β superfamily possess activities suggestingpossible applications for the treatment of cell proliferative disorders,such as cancer. In particular, TGF-β has been shown to be potent growthinhibitor for a variety of cell types (Massague, Cell, 49:437, 1987),MIS has been shown to inhibit the growth of human endometrial carcinomatumors in nude mice (Donahoe, et al, Ann. Surg., 194:472, 1981), andinhibin α has been shown to suppress the development of tumors both inthe ovary and in the testis (Matzuk, et al., Nature, 360:313, 1992).GDF-7 may have a similar activity and may therefore be useful as ananti-proliferative agent, such as for the treatment of tumors of neuralorigin.

Many of the members of the TGF-β family are also important mediators oftissue repair. TGF-β has been shown to have marked effects on theformation of collagen and caues of striking angiogenic response in thenewborn mouse (Roberts, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA, 83:4167,1986). the BMP's can induce new bone growth and are effective for thetreatment of fractures and other skeletal defects (Glowacki, et al.,Lancet, 1:959, 1981; Ferguson, et al., Clin. Orthoped. Relat. Res.,227:265, 1988; Johnson, et al., Clin Orthoped. Relat. Res., 230:257,1988). GDF-7 may have similar activities and may be useful in repair oftissue injury caused by trauma or burns for example.

The term “substantially pure” as used herein refers to GDF-7 which issubstantially free of other proteins, lipids, carbohydrates or othermaterials with which it is naturally associated. One skilled in the artcan purify GDF-7 using standard techniques for protein purification. Thesubstantially pure polypeptide will yield a single major band on anon-reducing polyacrylamide gel. The purity of the GDF-7 polypeptide canalso be determined by amino-terminal amino acid sequence analysis. GDF-7polypeptide includes functional fragments of the polypeptide, as long asthe activity of GDF-7 remains. Smaller peptides containing thebiological activity of GDF-7 are included in the invention.

The invention provides polynucleotides encoding the GDF-7 protein. Thesepolynucleotides include DNA, cDNA and RNA sequences which encode GDF-7.It is understood that all polynucleotides encoding all or a portion ofGDF-7 are also included herein, as long as they encode a polypeptidewith GDF-7 activity. Such polynucleotides include naturally occurring,synthetic, and intentionally manipulated polynucleotides. For example,GbF-7 polynucleotide may be subjected to site-directed mutagenesis. Thepolynucleotide sequence for GDF-7 also includes antisense sequences. Thepolynucleotides of the invention include sequences that are degenerateas a result of the genetic code. There are 20 natural amino acids, mostof which are specified by more than one codon. Therefore, all degeneratenucleotide sequences are included in the invention as long as the aminoacid sequence of GDF-7 polypeptide encoded by the nucleotide sequence isfunctionally unchanged.

Specifically disclosed herein is a genomic DNA sequence containing aportion of the GDF-7 gene. The sequence contains an open reading framecorresponding to the predicted C-terminal region of the GDF-7 precursorprotein. The encoded polypeptide is predicted to contain a potentialpentabasic proteolytic processing site. Cleavage of the precursor atthis site would generate a mature biologically active C-terminalfragment of 146 amino acids with a predicted molecular weight ofapproximately 14,900.

The C-terminal region of GDF-7 following the putative proteolyticprocessing site shows significant homology to the known members of theTGF-β superfamily. The GDF-7 sequence contains most of the residues thatare highly conserved in other family members (see FIG. 3). Among theknown family members, GDF-7 is most homologous to BMP-2 and BMP-4 (57%sequence identity) (see FIG. 4).

Minor modifications of the recombinant GDF-7 primary amino acid sequencemay result in proteins which have substantially equivalent activity ascompared to the GDF-7 polypeptide described herein. Such modificationsmay be deliberate, as by site-directed mutagenesis, or may bespontaneous. All of the polypeptides produced by these modifications areincluded herein as long as the biological activity of GDF-7 stillexists. Further, deletion of one or more amino acids can also result ina modification of the structure of the resultant molecule withoutsignificantly altering its biological activity. This can lead to thedevelopment of a smaller active molecule which would have broaderutility. For example, one can remove amino or carboxy terminal aminoacids which are not required for GDF-7 biological activity.

The nucleotide sequence encoding the GDF-7 polypeptide of the inventionincludes the disclosed sequence and conservative variations thereof. Theterm “conservative variation” as used herein denotes the replacement ofan amino acid residue by another, biologically similar residue. Examplesof conservative variations include the substitution of one hydrophobicresidue such as isoleucine, valine, leucine or methionine for another,or the substitution of one polar residue for another, such as thesubstitution of arginine for lysine, glutamic for aspartic acid, orglutamine for asparagine, and the like. The term “conservativevariation” also includes the use of a substituted amino acid in place ofan unsubstituted parent amino acid provided that antibodies raised tothe substituted polypeptide also immunoreact with the unsubstitutedpolypeptide.

DNA sequences of the invention can be obtained by several methods. Forexample, the DNA can be isolated using hybridization techniques whichare well known in the art. These include, but are not limited to: 1)hybridization of genomic or cDNA libraries with probes to detecthomologous nucleotide sequences, 2) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) ongenomic DNA or cDNA using primers capable of annealing to the DNAsequence of interest, and 3) antibody screening of expression librariesto detect cloned DNA fragments with shared structural features.

Preferably the GDF-7 polynucleotide of the invention is derived from amammalian organism, and most preferably from a mouse, rat, or human.Screening procedures which rely on nucleic acid hybridization make itpossible to isolate any gene sequence from any organism, provided theappropriate probe is available. Oligonucleotide probes, which correspondto a part of the sequence encoding the protein in question, can besynthesized chemically. This requires that short, oligopeptide stretchesof amino acid sequence must be known. The DNA sequence encoding theprotein can be deduced from the genetic code, however, the degeneracy ofthe code must be taken into account. It is possible to perform a mixedaddition reaction when the sequence is degenerate. This includes aheterogeneous mixture of denatured double-stranded DNA. For suchscreening, hybridization is preferably performed on eithersingle-stranded DNA or denatured double-stranded DNA. Hybridization isparticularly useful in the detection of cDNA clones derived from sourceswhere an extremely low amount of mRNA sequences relating to thepolypeptide of interest are present. In other words, by using stringenthybridization conditions directed to avoid non-specific binding, it ispossible, for example, to allow the autoradiographic visualization of aspecific cDNA clone by the hybridization of the target DNA to thatsingle probe in the mixture which is its complete complement (Wallace,et al., Nucl. Acid Res., 9:879, 1981).

The development of specific DNA sequences encoding GDF-7 can also beobtained by: 1) isolation of double-stranded DNA sequences from thegenomic DNA; 2) chemical manufacture of a DNA sequence to provide thenecessary codons for the polypeptide of interest; and 3) in vitrosynthesis of a double-stranded DNA sequence by reverse transcription ofmRNA isolated from a eukaryotic donor cell. In the latter case, adouble-stranded DNA complement of mRNA is eventually formed which isgenerally referred to as cDNA.

Of the three above-noted methods for developing specific DNA sequencesfor use in recombinant procedures, the isolation of genomic DNA isolatesis the least common. This is especially true when it is desirable toobtain the microbial expression of mammalian polypeptides due to thepresence of introns.

The synthesis of DNA sequences is frequently the method of choice whenthe entire sequence of amino acid residues of the desired polypeptideproduct is known. When the entire sequence of amino acid residues of thedesired polypeptide is not known, the direct synthesis of DNA sequencesis not possible and the method of choice is the synthesis of cDNAsequences. Among the standard procedures for isolating cDNA sequences ofinterest is the formation of plasmid- or phage-carrying cDNA librarieswhich are derived from reverse transcription of mRNA which is abundantin donor cells that have a high level of genetic expression. When usedin combination with polymerase chain reaction technology, even rareexpression products can be cloned. In those cases where significantportions of the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide are known, theproduction of labeled single or double-stranded DNA or RNA probesequences duplicating a sequence putatively present in the target cDNAmay be employed in DNA/DNA hybridization procedures which are carriedout on cloned copies of the cDNA which have been denatured into asingle-stranded form (Jay, et al, Nucl. Acid Res., 11:2325, 1983).

A cDNA expression library, such as lambda gt11, can be screenedindirectly for GDF-7 peptides having at least one epitope, usingantibodies specific for GDF-7. Such antibodies can be eitherpolyclonally or monoclonally derived and used to detect expressionproduct indicative of the presence of GDF-7 cDNA.

DNA sequences encoding GDF-7 can be expressed in vitro by DNA transferinto a suitable host cell. “Host cells” are cells in which a vector canbe propagated and its DNA expressed. The term also includes any progenyof the subject host cell. It is understood that all progeny may not beidentical to the parental cell since there may be mutations that occurduring replication. However, such progeny are included when the term“host cell” is used. Methods of stable transfer, meaning that theforeign DNA is continuously maintained in the host, are known in theart.

In the present invention, the GDF-7 polynucleotide sequences may beinserted into a recombinant expression vector. The term “recombinantexpression vector” refers to a plasmid, virus or other vehicle known inthe art that has been manipulated by insertion or incorporation of theGDF-7 genetic sequences. Such expression vectors contain a promotersequence which facilitates the efficient transcription of the insertedgenetic sequence of the host. The expression vector typically containsan origin of replication, a promoter, as well as specific genes whichallow phenotypic selection of the transformed cells. Vectors suitablefor use in the present invention include, but are not limited to theT7-based expression vector for expression in bacteria (Rosenberg, etal., Gene, 56:125, 1987), the pMSXND expression vector for expression inmammalian cells (Lee and Nathans, J. Biol. Chem., 263:3521, 1988) andbaculovirus-derived vectors for expression in insect cells. The DNAsegment can be present in the vector operably linked to regulatoryelements, for example, a promoter (e.g., T7, metallothionein I, orpolyhedrin promoters).

Polynucleotide sequences encoding GDF-7 can be expressed in eitherprokaryotes or eukaryotes. Hosts can include microbial, yeast, insectand mammalian organisms. Methods of expressing DNA sequences havingeukaryotic or viral sequences in prokaryotes are well known in the art.Biologically functional viral and plasmid DNA vectors capable ofexpression and replication in a host are known in the art. Such vectorsare used to incorporate DNA sequences of the invention. Preferably, themature C-terminal region of GDF-7 is expressed from a cDNA clonecontaining the entire coding sequence of GDF-7. Alternatively, theC-terminal portion of GDF-7 can be expressed as a fusion protein withthe pro- region of another member of the TGF-β family or co-expressedwith another pro- region (see for example, Hammonds, et al., Molec.Endocrin. 5:149, 1991; Gray, A., and Mason, A., Science, 247:1328,1990).

Transformation of a host cell with recombinant DNA may be carried out byconventional techniques as are well known to those skilled in the art.Where the host is prokaryotic, such as E. coli, competent cells whichare capable of DNA uptake can be prepared from cells harvested afterexponential growth phase and subsequently treated by the CaCl₂ methodusing procedures well known in the art. Alternatively, MgCl₂ or RbCl canbe used. Transformation can also be performed after forming a protoplastof the host cell if desired.

When the host is a eukaryote, such methods of transfection of DNA ascalcium phosphate co-precipitates, conventional mechanical proceduressuch as microinjection, electroporation, insertion of a plasmid encasedin liposomes, or virus vectors may be used. Eukaryotic cells can also becotransformed with DNA sequences encoding the GDF-7 of the invention,and a second foreign DNA molecule encoding a selectable phenotype, suchas the herpes simplex thymidine kinase gene. Another method is to use aeukaryotic viral vector, such as simian virus 40 (SV40) or bovinepapilloma virus, to transiently infect or transform eukaryotic cells andexpress the protein. (see for example, Eukaryotic Viral Vectors, ColdSpring Harbor Laboratory, Gluzman ed., 1982).

Isolation and purification of microbial expressed polypeptide, orfragments thereof, provided by the invention, may be carried out byconventional means including preparative chromatography andimmunological separations involving monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies.

The invention includes antibodies immunoreactive with GDF-7 polypeptideor functional fragments thereof. Antibody which consists essentially ofpooled monoclonal antibodies with different epitopic specificities, aswell as distinct monoclonal antibody preparations are provided.Monoclonal antibodies are made from antigen containing fragments of theprotein by methods well known to those skilled in the art (Kohler, etal., Nature, 256:495, 1975). The term antibody as used in this inventionis meant to include intact molecules as well as fragments thereof, suchas Fab and F(ab′)₂, which are capable of binding an epitopic determinanton GDF-7.

The term “cell-proliferative disorder” denotes malignant as well asnon-malignant cell populations which often appear to differ from thesurrounding tissue both morphologically and genotypically. Malignantcells (i.e. cancer) develop as a result of a multistep process. TheGDF-7 polynucleotide that is an antisense molecule is useful in treatingmalignancies of the various organ systems, particularly, for example,cells in neural tissue. Essentially, any disorder which is etiologicallylinked to altered expression of GDF-7 could be considered susceptible totreatment with a GDF-7 suppressing reagent. One such disorder is amalignant cell proliferative disorder, for example.

The invention provides a method for detecting a cell proliferativedisorder of neural tissue which comprises contacting an anti-GDF-7antibody with a cell suspected of having a GDF-7 associated disorder anddetecting binding to the antibody. The antibody reactive with GDF-7 islabeled with a compound which allows detection of binding to GDF-7. Forpurposes of the invention, an antibody specific for GDF-7 polypeptidemay be used to detect the level of GDF-7 in biological fluids andtissues. Any specimen containing a detectable amount of antigen can beused. A preferred sample of this invention is neural tissue. The levelof GDF-7 in the suspect cell can be compared with the level in a normalcell to determine whether the subject has a GDF-7-associated cellproliferative disorder. Preferably the subject is human.

The antibodies of the invention can be used in any subject in which itis desirable to administer in vitro or in vivo immunodiagnosis orimmunotherapy. The antibodies of the invention are suited for use, forexample, in immunoassays in which they can be utilized in liquid phaseor bound to a solid phase carrier. In addition, the antibodies in theseimmunoassays can be detectably labeled in various ways. Examples oftypes of immunoassays which can utilize antibodies of the invention arecompetitive and non-competitive immunoassays in either a direct orindirect format. Examples of such immunoassays are the radioimmunoassay(RIA) and the sandwich (immunometric) assay. Detection of the antigensusing the antibodies of the invention can be done utilizing immunoassayswhich are run in either the forward, reverse, or simultaneous modes,including immunohistochemical assays on physiological samples.

Those of skill in the art will know, or can readily discern, otherimmunoassay formats without undue experimentation.

The antibodies of the invention can be bound to many different carriersand used to detect the presence of an antigen comprising the polypeptideof the invention. Examples of well-known carriers include glass,polystyrene, polypropylene, polyethylene, dextran, nylon, amylases,natural and modified celluloses, polyacrylamides, agaroses andmagnetite. The nature of the carrier can be either soluble or insolublefor purposes of the invention. Those skilled in the art will know ofother suitable carriers for binding antibodies, or will be able toascertain such, using routine experimentation.

There are many different labels and methods of labeling known to thoseof ordinary skill in the art. Examples of the types of labels which canbe used in the present invention include enzymes, radioisotopes,fluorescent compounds, colloidal metals, chemiluminescent compounds,phosphorescent compounds, and bioluminescent compounds. Those ofordinary skill in the art will know of other suitable labels for bindingto the antibody, or will be able to ascertain such, using routineexperimentation.

Another technique which may also result in greater sensitivity consistsof coupling the antibodies to low molecular weight haptens. Thesehaptens can then be specifically detected by means of a second reaction.For example, it is common to use such haptens as biotin, which reactswith avidin, or dinitrophenyl, puridoxal, and fluorescein, which canreact with specific antihapten antibodies.

In using the monoclonal antibodies of the invention for the in vivodetection of antigen, the detectably labeled antibody is given a dosewhich is diagnostically effective. The term “diagnostically effective”means that the amount of detectably labeled monoclonal antibody isadministered in sufficient quantity to enable detection of the sitehaving the antigen comprising a polypeptide of the invention for whichthe monoclonal antibodies are specific.

The concentration of detectably labeled monoclonal antibody which isadministered should be sufficient such that the binding to those cellshaving the polypeptide is detectable compared to the background.Further, it is desirable that the detectably labeled monoclonal antibodybe rapidly cleared from the circulatory system in order to give the besttarget-to-background signal ratio.

As a rule, the dosage of detectably labeled monoclonal antibody for invivo diagnosis will vary depending on such factors as age, sex, andextent of disease of the individual. Such dosages may vary, for example,depending on whether multiple injections are given, antigenic burden,and other factors known to those of skill in the art.

For in vivo diagnostic imaging, the type of detection instrumentavailable is a major factor in selecting a given radioisotope. Theradioisotope chosen must have a type of decay which is detectable for agiven type of instrument. Still another important factor in selecting aradioisotope for in vivo diagnosis is that deleterious radiation withrespect to the host is minimized. Ideally, a radioisotope used for invivo imaging will lack a particle emission, but produce a large numberof photons in the 140–250 keV range, which may readily be detected byconventional gamma cameras.

For in vivo diagnosis radioisotopes may be bound to immunoglobulineither directly or indirectly by using an intermediate functional group.Intermediate functional groups which often are used to bindradioisotopes which exist as metallic ions to immunoglobulins are thebifunctional chelating agents such as diethylenetriaminepentacetic acid(DTPA) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and similar molecules.Typical examples of metallic ions which can be bound to the monoclonalantibodies of the invention are ¹¹¹In, ⁹⁷Ru, ⁶⁷Ga, ⁶⁸Ga, ⁷²As, ⁸⁹Zr, and²⁰¹TI.

The monoclonal antibodies of the invention can also be labeled with aparamagnetic isotope for purposes of in vivo diagnosis, as in magneticresonance imaging (MRI) or electron spin resonance (ESR). In general,any conventional method for visualizing diagnostic imaging can beutilized. Usually gamma and positron emitting radioisotopes are used forcamera imaging and paramagnetic isotopes for MRI. Elements which areparticularly useful in such techniques include ¹⁵⁷Gd, ⁵⁵Mn, ¹⁶²Dy, ⁵²Cr,and ⁵⁶Fe.

The monoclonal antibodies of the invention can be used in vitro and invivo to monitor the course of amelioration of a GDF-7-associated diseasein a subject. Thus, for example, by measuring the increase or decreasein the number of cells expressing antigen comprising a polypeptide ofthe invention or changes in the concentration of such antigen present invarious body fluids, it would be possible to determine whether aparticular therapeutic regimen aimed at ameliorating theGDF-7-associated disease is effective. The term “ameliorate” denotes alessening of the detrimental effect of the GDF-7-associated disease inthe subject receiving therapy.

The present invention identifies a nucleotide sequence that can beexpressed in an altered manner as compared to expression in a normalcell, therefore it is possible to design appropriate therapeutic ordiagnostic techniques directed to this sequence. Thus, where acell-proliferative disorder is associated with the expression of GDF-7,nucleic acid sequences that interfere with GDF-7 expression at thetranslational level can be used. This approach utilizes, for example,antisense nucleic acid and ribozymes to block translation of a specificGDF-7 mRNA, either by masking that mRNA with an antisense nucleic acidor by cleaving it with a ribozyme.

Antisense nucleic acids are DNA or RNA molecules that are complementaryto at least a portion of a specific mRNA molecule (Weintraub, ScientificAmerican, 262:40, 1990). In the cell, the antisense nucleic acidshybridize to the corresponding mRNA, forming a double-stranded molecule.The antisense nucleic acids interfere with the translation of the mRNA,since the cell will not translate a mRNA that is double-stranded.Antisense oligomers of about 15 nucleotides are preferred, since theyare easily synthesized and are less likely to cause problems than largermolecules when introduced into the target GDF-7-producing cell. The useof antisense methods to inhibit the in vitro translation of genes iswell known in the art (Marcus-Sakura, Anal. Biochem., 172:289, 1988).

Ribozymes are RNA molecules possessing the ability to specificallycleave other single-stranded RNA in a manner analogous to DNArestriction endonucleases. Through the modification of nucleotidesequences which encode these RNAs, it is possible to engineer moleculesthat recognize specific nucleotide sequences in an RNA molecule andcleave it (Cech, J. Amer. Med. Assn., 260:3030, 1988). A major advantageof this approach is that, because they are sequence-specific, only mRNAswith particular sequences are inactivated.

There are two basic types of ribozymes namely, tetrahymena-type(Hasselhoff, Nature, 334:585, 1988) and “hammerhead”-type.Tetrahymena-type ribozymes recognize sequences which are four bases inlength, while “hammerhead”-type ribozymes recognize base sequences 11–18bases in length. The longer the recognition sequence, the greater thelikelihood that the sequence will occur exclusively in the target mRNAspecies. Consequently, hammerhead-type ribozymes are preferable totetrahymena-type ribozymes for inactivating a specific mRNA species and18-based recognition sequences are preferable to shorter recognitionsequences.

The present invention also provides gene therapy for the treatment ofcell proliferative or immunologic disorders which are mediated by GDF-7protein. Such therapy would achieve its therapeutic effect byintroduction of the GDF-7 antisense polynucleotide into cells having theproliferative disorder. Delivery of antisense GDF-7 polynucleotide canbe achieved using a recombinant expression vector such as a chimericvirus or a colloidal dispersion system. Especially preferred fortherapeutic delivery of antisense sequences is the use of targetedliposomes.

Various viral vectors which can be utilized for gene therapy as taughtherein include adenovirus, herpes virus, vaccinia, or, preferably, anRNA virus such as a retrovirus. Preferably, the retroviral vector is aderivative of a murine or avian retrovirus. Examples of retroviralvectors in which a single foreign gene can be inserted include, but arenot limited to: Moloney murine leukemia virus (MoMuLV), Harvey murinesarcoma virus (HaMuSV), murine mammary tumor virus (MuMTV), and RousSarcoma Virus (RSV). A number of additional retroviral vectors canincorporate multiple genes. All of these vectors can transfer orincorporate a gene for a selectable marker so that transduced cells canbe identified and generated. By inserting a GDF-7 sequence of interestinto the viral vector, along with another gene which encodes the ligandfor a receptor on a specific target cell, for example, the vector is nowtarget specific. Retroviral vectors can be made target specific byinserting, for example, a polynucleotide encoding a sugar, a glycolipid,or a protein. Preferred targeting is accomplished by using an antibodyto target the retroviral vector. Those of skill in the art will know of,or can readily ascertain without undue experimentation, specificpolynucleotide sequences which can be inserted into the retroviralgenome to allow target specific delivery of the retroviral vectorcontaining the GDF-7 antisense polynucleotide.

Since recombinant retroviruses are defective, they require assistance inorder to produce infectious vector particles. This assistance can beprovided, for example, by using helper cell lines that contain plasmidsencoding all of the structural genes of the retrovirus under the controlof regulatory sequences within the LTR. These plasmids are missing anucleotide sequence which enables the packaging mechanism to recognizean RNA transcript for encapsidation. Helper cell lines which havedeletions of the packaging signal include, but are not limited to Ψ2,PA317 and PA 12, for example. These cell lines produce empty virions,since no genome is packaged. If a retroviral vector is introduced intosuch cells in which the packaging signal is intact, but the structuralgenes are replaced by other genes of interest, the vector can bepackaged and vector virion produced.

Alternatively, NIH 3T3 or other tissue culture cells can be directlytransfected with plasmids encoding the retroviral structural genes gag,pol and env, by conventional calcium phosphate transfection. These cellsare then transfected with the vector plasmid containing the genes ofinterest. The resulting cells release the retroviral vector into theculture medium.

Another targeted delivery system for GDF-7 antisense polynucleotides isa colloidal dispersion system. Colloidal dispersion systems includemacromolecule complexes, nanocapsules, microspheres, beads, andlipid-based systems including oil-in-water emulsions, micelles, mixedmicelles, and liposomes. The preferred colloidal system of thisinvention is a liposome. Liposomes are artificial membrane vesicleswhich are useful as delivery vehicles in vitro and in vivo. It has beenshown that large unilamellar vesicles (LUV), which range in size from0.2–4.0 μm can encapsulate a substantial percentage of an aqueous buffercontaining large macromolecules. RNA, DNA and intact virions can beencapsulated within the aqueous interior and be delivered to cells in abiologically active form (Fraley, et al, Trends Biochem. Sci., 6:77,1981). In addition to mammalian cells, liposomes have been used fordelivery of polynucleotides in plant, yeast and bacterial cells. Inorder for a liposome to be an efficient gene transfer vehicle, thefollowing characteristics should be present: (1) encapsulation of thegenes of interest at high efficiency while not compromising theirbiological activity; (2) preferential and substantial binding to atarget cell in comparison to non-target cells; (3) delivery of theaqueous contents of the vesicle to the target cell cytoplasm at highefficiency; and (4) accurate and effective expression of geneticinformation (Mannino, et al., Biotechniques, 6:682, 1988).

The composition of the liposome is usually a combination ofphospholipids, particularly high-phase-transition-temperaturephospholipids, usually in combination with steroids, especiallycholesterol. Other phospholipids or other lipids may also be used. Thephysical characteristics of liposomes depend on pH, ionic strength, andthe presence of divalent cations.

Examples of lipids useful in liposome production include phosphatidylcompounds, such as phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine,phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylethanolamine, sphingolipids,cerebrosides, and gangliosides. Particularly useful arediacylphosphatidylglycerols, where the lipid moiety contains from 14–18carbon atoms, particularly from 16–18 carbon atoms, and is saturated.Illustrative phospholipids include egg phosphatidylcholine,dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine and distearoylphosphatidylcholine.

The targeting of liposomes can be classified based on anatomical andmechanistic factors. Anatomical classification is based on the level ofselectivity, for example, organ-specific, cell-specific, andorganelle-specific.

Mechanistic targeting can be distinguished based upon whether it ispassive or active. Passive targeting utilizes the natural tendency ofliposomes to distribute to cells of the reticulo-endothelial system(RES) in organs which contain sinusoidal capillaries. Active targeting,on the other hand, involves alteration of the liposome by coupling theliposome to a specific ligand such as a monoclonal antibody, sugar,glycolipid, or protein, or by changing the composition or size of theliposome in order to achieve targeting to organs and cell types otherthan the naturally occurring sites of localization.

The surface of the targeted delivery system may be modified in a varietyof ways. In the case of a liposomal targeted delivery system, lipidgroups can be incorporated into the lipid bilayer of the liposome inorder to maintain the targeting ligand in stable association with theliposomal bilayer. Various linking groups can be used for joining thelipid chains to the targeting ligand.

Due to the expression of GDF-7 in neural tissue, there are a variety ofapplications using the polypeptide, polynucleotide, and antibodies ofthe invention, related to this tissue. Such applications includetreatment of cell proliferative disorders involving this tissue. Inaddition, GDF-7 may be useful in various gene therapy procedures.

The following examples are intended to illustrate but not limit theinvention. While they are typical of those that might be used, otherprocedures known to those skilled in the art may alternatively be used.

EXAMPLE 1 Identification and Isolation of a Novel TGF-β Family Member

To identify a new member of the TGF-β superfamily, degenerateoligonucleotides were designed which corresponded to two conservedregions among the known family members: one region spanning the twotryptophan residues conserved in all family members except MIS and theother region spanning the invariant cysteine residues near theC-terminus. These primers were used for polymerase chain reactions onmouse genomic DNA followed by subcloning the PCR products usingrestriction sites placed at the 5′ ends of the primers, pickingindividual E. coli colonies carrying these subcloned inserts, and usinga combination of random sequencing and hybridization analysis toeliminate known members of the superfamily.

GDF-7 was identified from a mixture of PCR products obtained with theprimers

SJL141: 5′-CCGGAATTCGGITGG(G/C/A)A(G/A/T/C)(A/G)A(T/C)TGG(A/G)TI (SEQ IDNO:1) (A/G)TI(T/G)CICC-3′ SJL146:5′CCGGAATTC(G/A)CAI(G/C)C(G/A)CAIG(C/A)(G/A/T/C)C(G/T)IACI (SEQ ID NO:2)(G/A)(T/C)CAT-3′

PCR using these primers was carried out with 2 μg mouse genomic DNA at94° C. for 1 min, 50° C. for 2 min, and 72° C. for 2 min for 40 cycles.

PCR products of approximately 280 bp were gel-purified, digested withEco RI, gel-purified again, and subcloned in the Bluescript vector(Stratagene, San Diego, Calif.). Bacterial colonies carrying individualsubclones were picked into 96 well microtiter plates, and multiplereplicas were prepared by plating the cells onto nitrocellulose. Thereplicate filters were hybridized to probes representing known membersof the family, and DNA was prepared from non-hybridizing colonies forsequence analysis.

The primer combination of SJL141 and SJL146, encoding the amino acidsequences GW(H/Q/N/K/D/E)(D/N)W(V/I/M)(V/I/M)(A/S)P (SEQ ID NO:3) andM(V/I/M/T/A)V(R/S)(A/S)C(G/A)C (SEQ ID NO:4), respectively, yielded fivepreviously identified sequences (BMP-2, BMP-4, inhibin βB, GDF-3 andGDF-5) and one novel sequence, which was designated GDF-7, among 147subclones analyzed.

EXAMPLE 2 Expression Pattern and Sequence of GDF-7

To determine the expression pattern of GDF-7, RNA samples prepared froma variety of tissues were screened by Northern analysis and RNaseprotection. As shown in FIG. 1, GDF-7 mRNA was detected in fetal andneonatal brain and in the Neuro 2A neuroblastoma cell line.

To obtain a larger segment of the GDF-7 gene, a mouse genomic librarywas screened with a probe derived from the GDF-7 PCR product. Thepartial sequence of a GDF-7 genomic clone is shown in FIG. 2 a. Thesequence contains an open reading frame corresponding to the predictedC-terminal region of the GDF-7 precursor protein. The predicted GDF-7sequence contains a potential proteolytic processing site, which isboxed. Cleavage of the precursor at this site would generate a matureC-terminal fragment 146 amino acids in length with a predicted molecularweight of 14,900.

The C-terminal region of GDF-7 following the putative proteolyticprocessing site shows significant homology to the known members of theTGF-β superfamily (FIG. 3). FIG. 3 shows the alignment of the C-terminalsequences of GDF-7 with the corresponding regions of human GDF-1 (Lee,Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 88:4250–4254, 1991), human BMP-2 and 4(Wozney, et al., Science, 242:1528–1534, 1988), human Vgr-1 (Celeste, etal., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 87:9843–9847, 1990), human OP-1(Ozkaynak, et al., EMBO J., 9:2085–2093, 1990), human BMP-5 (Celeste, etal., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 87:9843–9847, 1990), human BMP-3(Wozney, et al., Science, 242:1528–1534,1988), human MIS (Cate, et al.,Cell, 45:685–698, 1986), human inhibin alpha, βA, and βB (Mason, et al.,Biochem, Biophys. Res. Commun., 135:957–964, 1986), human TGF-β1(Derynck, et al, Nature, 316:701–705, 1985), humanTGF-β2 (deMartin, etal, EMBO J., 6:367–33677, 1987), and human TGF-β3 (ten Dijke, et al.,Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 85:4715–4719, 1988). The conserved cysteineresidues are boxed. Dashes denote gaps introduced in order to maximizethe alignment.

GDF-7 contains most of the residues that are highly conserved in otherfamily members, including the seven cysteine residues with theircharacteristic spacing.

FIG. 4 shows the amino acid homologies among the different members ofthe TGF-β superfamily. Numbers represent percent amino acid identitiesbetween each pair calculated from the first conserved cysteine to theC-terminus. Boxes represent homologies among highly-related memberswithin particular subgroups. In this region, GDF-7 is most homologous toBMP-2 and BMP-4 (57% sequence identity).

Although the invention has been described with reference to thepresently preferred embodiment, it should be understood that variousmodifications can be made without departing from the spirit of theinvention. Accordingly, the invention is limited only by the followingclaims.

Summary of Sequences

-   SEQ ID NO: 1 is the nucleotide sequence for the GDF-7 primer,    SJL141.-   SEQ ID NO: 2 is the nucleotide sequence for the GDF-7 primer,    SJL146.-   SEQ ID NO: 3 is the amino acid sequence for the GDF-7 primer,    SJL141.-   SEQ ID NO: 4 is the amino acid sequence for the GDF-7 primer,    SJL146.-   SEQ ID NO: 5 is the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence for    the GDF-7.-   SEQ ID NO: 6 is the amino acid sequence for the GDF-7.-   SEQ ID NO: 7 is the amino acid sequence for the C-terminal end of    GDF-7.-   SEQ ID NO: 8 is the amino acid sequence for the C-terminal end of    GDF-1.-   SEQ ID NO: 9 is the amino acid sequence for the C-terminal end of    BMP-2.-   SEQ ID NO: 10 is the amino acid sequence for the C-terminal end of    BMP4.-   SEQ ID NO: 11 is the amino acid sequence for the C-terminal end of    Vgr-1.-   SEQ ID NO: 12 is the amino acid sequence for the C-terminal end of    OP-1.-   SEQ ID NO: 13 is the amino acid sequence for the C-terminal end of    BMP-5.-   SEQ ID NO: 14 is the amino acid sequence for the C-terminal end of    BMP-3.-   SEQ ID NO: 15 is the amino acid sequence for the C-terminal end of    MIS.-   SEQ ID NO: 16 is the amino acid sequence for the C-terminal end of    Inhibin-alpha.-   SEQ ID NO: 17 is the amino acid sequence for the C-terminal end of    Inhibin-beta-alpha.-   SEQ ID NO: 18 is the amino acid sequence for the C-terminal end of    Inhibin-beta-beta.-   SEQ ID NO: 19 is the amino acid sequence for the C-terminal end of    TGF-beta-1.-   SEQ ID NO: 20 is the amino acid sequence for the C-terminal end of    TGF-beta-2.-   SEQ ID NO: 21 is the amino acid sequence for the C-terminal end of    TGF-beta-3.

1. A method of detecting Growth Differentiation Factor-7 (GDF-7) in a sample comprising: contacting the sample with a substantially pure antibody, or an antigen binding fragment thereof, that specifically binds to a GDF-7 polypeptide as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6, and detecting the binding of the GDF-7 antibody, thereby detecting GDF-7 in the sample.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the cell is a neural cell.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the detection is in vitro.
 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the antibody is detectably labeled.
 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the label is selected from the group consisting of a radioisotope, a fluorescent compound, a bioluminescent compound, a chemiluminescent compound and an enzyme. 